Quantum computing is a completely new paradigm for the architecture of computers. It currently is in the early stage of development but has the potential to speed up certain kinds of computations, not just by orders of magnitude but by moving them from exponential to linear growth. One of the issues that will be affected is the prime factorization of large numbers which currently forms the basis for important cryptographic algorithms, in particular the RSA algorithm which would in that case would no longer be secure.

This course gives an introduction to the physics behind quantum computing and the computation models used. Students are familiarized with the most important algorithms for quantum computing and write a few programs for quantum computers. The application potential and challenges of quantum computing are also discussed.

1. Basic concepts
   1. Quantum physics as a basis for computing
   2. Types of quantum computers
   3. Qbits
   4. Linear algebra
2. The physics of quantum computers
   1. Basic concepts of quantum mechanics
   2. Spin and entanglement
   3. Architecture of quantum computers
   4. Noise and error correction
   5. Current state and outlook
3. Quantum computing models
   1. Quantum gates and circuits
   2. Single qubit quantum systems
   3. Multiple qubit quantum systems
4. Quantum algorithms
   1. Computability and complexity in quantum computing
   2. Quantum Fourier transform
   3. The Shor algorithm
   4. The Grover algorithm
5. Quantum computing with the IBM framework Qiskit
   1. Overview of Qiskit and the IBM Q Provider
   2. Quantum circuits in Qiskit
   3. First steps in programming with Qiskit
6. Applications, potential and challenges of quantum computing
   1. Applications of quantum computing
   2. Quantum cryptography and post-quantum cryptography
   3. Quantum supremacy

With the increasing digitization and networking of IT systems, the need for safeguarding systems and the data processed by these systems has grown. The aim of this module is to provide an understanding of security measures needed, cyber security including cryptography, and data protection.

While the need for cyber security is similar around the world, different cultures have different expectations regarding data protection and privacy. Nevertheless, personal data are often processed outside the country where the affected individuals live. Hence, the cultural aspects of data protection need to be taken into account wherever the data are processed.

This course provides an overview of the main cyber security measures in different application scenarios, as well as their integration into an Information Security Management System, with particular focus on the relevant ISO/IEC 270xx family of standards.

Cryptography provides an important tool set for cyber security and is used in many different application scenarios such as secure Internet protocols and block chain.

1. Foundations of Data Protection and Cyber Security
   1. Terminology and Risk Management
   2. Core Concepts of Cyber Security
   3. Core Concepts of Data Protection and Privacy
   4. Core Concepts of Cryptography
   5. Legal Aspects
2. Data Protection
   1. Basic Concepts of Data Protection (ISO/IEC 29100, Privacy by Design)
   2. Data Protection in Europe: the GDPR
   3. Data Protection in the USA
   4. Data Protection in Asia
3. Applying Data Protection
   1. Anonymity and Pseudonyms (k-Anonymity, i-Diversity, Differential Privacy)
   2. Data Protection in Data Science and Big Data
   3. User Tracking in Online Marketing
   4. Cloud Computing
4. Building Blocks of Cyber Security
   1. Authentication, Access Management and Control
   2. Cyber Security in Networks
   3. Developing Secure IT Systems (OWASP, etc.)
5. Cyber Security Management
   1. Security Policy
   2. Security and Risk Analysis
   3. The ISO 270xx Series
   4. IT Security and IT Governance
   5. Example: Cyber Security for Credit Cards (PCI DSS)
6. Cryptography
   1. Symmetric Cryptography
   2. Asymmetric Cryptography
   3. Hash Functions
   4. Secure Data Exchange (Diffie-Hellman, Perfect Forward Secrecy, etc.)
7. Cryptographic Applications
   1. Digital Signatures
   2. Electronic Money
   3. Secure Internet Protocols (TLS, IPSec, etc.)
   4. Block Chain

This seminar covers advanced topics in cyber security. With the growth of the internet and digitization, cyber security has become an increasingly important topic and needs to be taken into account in the development and setup of software and IT systems.

Typical topics that may be addressed include the analysis of selected aspects of information security management systems according to the ISO 27000 series; the use of cyber security to support data protection; and the detailed analysis and description of certain algorithms or cryptosystems.

• The seminar covers different advanced topics regarding cyber security. Each participant must prepare a research essay on a topic assigned to him/her.

The focus of this course is to provide a thorough introduction to cryptology and its main sub-disciplines cryptography and cryptanalysis. Particular emphasis is put on the use of cryptology to support the security of IT systems.

In the first part of the courses, students gain a solid understanding of the basic concepts of cryptology, in particular symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, authentication, and common approaches to break these cryptosystems using cryptanalysis.

Based on this foundational understanding, the course goes on to cover the practical use of cryptology, starting with an introduction to the standard protocols and techniques used to ensure the security of communication via the internet. Next, practical aspects of applying cryptographic techniques and algorithms are covered, such as their long-term security. Finally, some application examples show how the concepts of cryptology are commonly used and can be used to solve challenges such as online banking.

1. Basic concepts of cryptology
   1. Introduction and terminology
   2. IT security, threats and common attacks
   3. Historical overview
   4. Kerckhoffs's principle
2. Symmetric cryptosystems
   1. Substitution and transposition
   2. Stream and block ciphers
   3. Digital encryption standard (DES)
   4. Advanced encryption standard (AES)
3. Asymmetric cryptosystems
   1. The RSA algorithm
   2. Elliptic curves
   3. Cryptographic hash functions
   4. Signatures and MACs
   5. Key exchange and public key infrastructures
4. Authentication
   1. Passwords
   2. Challenge-response and zero-knowledge
   3. Biometrics-based authentication
   4. Authentication in distributed systems
   5. Smartcards
   6. Identity and anonymity
5. Cryptanalysis – how to break encryption
   1. Frequency analysis
   2. Brute-force attacks
   3. Rainbow tables
   4. Known/chosen plaintext
   5. Side-channel attacks
6. Cryptology and the internet
   1. Basic setup of the Internet and its protocols
   2. IPSec
   3. Transport Layer Security
   4. Secure E-Mail (TLS, S/MIME and PGP)
   5. Secure DNS
7. Practical aspects of cryptology
   1. Random number generation
   2. Long-term security (key lengths, perfect forward security, quantum computing)
   3. Incorporating cryptography into application development
   4. Legal and regulatory aspects
8. Applications
   1. Online banking
   2. Blockchain
   3. Voting
   4. Steganography and watermarks
   5. The Tor Project